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      Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: An online survey from India.

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          Abstract

          The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a complete shut-down of the entire world and almost all the countries are presently in a "lockdown" mode. While the lockdown strategy is an essential step to curb the exponential rise of COVID-19 cases, the impact of the same on mental health is not well known.

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

            K Kroenke, R L Spitzer, J. Williams (2001)
            While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.
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              Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

              Jianbo Lai, Simeng Ma, Ying Wang … (2020)
              Key Points Question What factors are associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers in China who are treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in multiple regions of China, a considerable proportion of health care workers reported experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers directly engaged in diagnosing, treating, or providing nursing care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that, among Chinese health care workers exposed to COVID-19, women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support or interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Psychiatry
                Title: Indian journal of psychiatry
                Publisher: Medknow
                ISSN: 0019-5545
                ISSN (Print): 0019-5545
                Publication date (Electronic): 2020
                Volume: 62
                Issue: 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.
                [2 ] Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India.
                [3 ] Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
                [4 ] Department of Psychiatry, TNMC and BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
                [5 ] Department of Psychiatry, Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
                [6 ] Asha Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
                [7 ] Clinic Brain Neuropsychiatric Institute and Research Center, Barasat, West Bengal, India.
                [8 ] Department of Psychiatry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
                [9 ] Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and J.N.M Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, West Bengal, India.
                [10 ] Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
                [11 ] Samvedana Group of Hospital and Research Centre, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India.
                [12 ] Department of Psychiatry, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
                [13 ] Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
                [14 ] Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India.
                [15 ] Gautam hospital and Research Center, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
                [16 ] Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
                [17 ] Manoved Mind Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: IJPsy-62-354
                DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_427_20
                PMC ID: 7597717
                PubMed ID: 33165368
                SO-VID: 674ac466-57de-4735-946f-e33e75817f19
                History

                Keywords: COVID-19,Anxiety,Depression,Stress
                Data availability:
                Keywords: COVID-19, Anxiety, Depression, Stress

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