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      Evidenzbasiertes Wildtiermanagement 

      Windkraft und Fledermausschutz im Wald – eine kritische Betrachtung der Planungs- und Zulassungspraxis

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      Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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          Zusammenfassung

          Der Ausbau der Windenergie findet zunehmend im Wald statt, da hier häufig windhöffige und damit ökonomisch attraktive Standorte zu finden sind. Allerdings ist hier der Konflikt mit dem Artenschutz im Allgemeinen und dem Fledermausschutz im Speziellen besonders hoch. In diesem Beitrag beleuchten wir vor dem Hintergrund des gesetzlich vorgegebenen normativen Rahmens den artenschutzrechtlichen Teil der Windkraftplanung im Wald mit Bezug auf Fledermäuse – von der Untersuchungsplanung über die eingesetzten Methoden bis zur Bewertung. Bezogen auf Fledermäuse stehen hier insbesondere die Vermeidung der direkten Tötung sowie die Verminderung der Beeinträchtigung ihres Lebensraums im Fokus der Betrachtung. Bundesland-spezifische Arbeitshilfen stecken den Untersuchungsumfang, die einzusetzenden Erfassungsmethoden und den räumlichen und zeitlichen Untersuchungsrahmen ab. Sie empfehlen zudem Maßnahmen zur Kompensation potenziell negativer Auswirkungen eines Eingriffs. Ihr Effekt auf die methodische Qualität der Fachbeiträge zu Fledermäusen ist jedoch gering. Meist kommen im Rahmen der speziellen artenschutzrechtlichen Prüfung zu Fledermäusen die Quartierbaumsuche, Netzfang, unterschiedliche Varianten des akustischen Monitorings (aktiv und passiv) sowie die Radiotelemetrie zum Einsatz. Insbesondere bei der bevorzugt empfohlenen akustischen Erfassung mindern zahlreiche methodische Probleme auf der technischen und der analytischen Ebene die Aussagekraft. Auch der Erfolg des Fangs von Fledermäusen mit Netzen hängt von zahlreichen Parametern ab. Die Quartierbaumerfassung lässt sich in ihrem Erfolg deutlich durch die Radiotelemetrie verbessern. Zur sinnvollen Quantifizierung des Lebensraumanspruchs einer Fledermauspopulation jedoch werden mittels Radiotelemetrie in der Regel zu wenige Tiere zu kurz untersucht. Die Bewertung der erhobenen Daten, hier gezeigt anhand akustisch ermittelter Aktivitätsdichten, erfolgt subjektiv, da Bewertungskriterien fehlen. Die am häufigsten empfohlenen und somit umgesetzten Methoden der Konfliktvermeidung und -minimierung sind CEF- (= Continued Ecological Function) und FCS-Maßnahmen (= Favourable Conservation Status) sowie das Gondelmonitoring und die selektive Abschaltung der WEA. Auch diese Maßnahmen entfalten z. T. Schwächen; die Bewahrung und Entwicklung von Waldstandorten als/zu ökologisch wertvollen Lebensräumen sowie die Verminderung der Schlagopferzahl durch spezielle Algorithmen (ProBat-Tool) sehen wir jedoch als sinnvoll an. Abschließend formulieren wir Anregungen zur Verbesserung und Objektivierung der Eingriffsplanung von WEA im Wald.

          Summary

          The development of wind energy is concentrating in forests, as windy and thus economically favourable sites can often be found here. However, the conflict with species conservation in general and bat conservation in particular is especially high in forests. We here examine the impact assessment on bats in the context of the legally prescribed normative framework in wind farm planning in the forest – from the study design to the methods used and the assessment itself. With regard to bats, the focus here is on avoiding direct killing and reducing the impairment of their habitat. Guidance documents for the German federal states define the extent of the surveys, the survey methods, and the spatial and temporal scope of a survey. They also recommend measures to compensate for potential negative impacts of wind energy plants (WEP). However, their effect on the quality of the expert reports on bats is low. In most cases, the search for roost trees, mist netting, different types of acoustic monitoring (active and passive) and radio tracking are used. In particular, numerous methodological problems at the technical and analytical levels reduce the validity of acoustic surveys. The success of mist netting bats also depends on numerous parameters. The success of roost tree surveys can be significantly improved by radio tracking. However, for a meaningful quantification of the habitat requirements of a bat population, radio tracking is usually used on too few animals for too short a time. The evaluation of the collected data, shown here on the basis of acoustically determined activity densities, is subjective because evaluation criteria are lacking. The most frequently recommended and thus implemented methods of conflict mitigation are CEF (= Continued Ecological Function and FCS (= Favourable Conservation Status) measures as well as nacelle monitoring and selective shut-down of wind turbines. These measures also show some weaknesses, but we consider the maintenance and development of forest sites as or into ecologically valuable habitats, as well as the reduction of the number of bat fatalities by means of specific algorithms (ProBat tool), to be sensible. Finally, we make suggestions for improving and objectifying the impact assessment of wind-energy facilities in forests.

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          More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas

          Global declines in insects have sparked wide interest among scientists, politicians, and the general public. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and to jeopardize ecosystem services. Our understanding of the extent and underlying causes of this decline is based on the abundance of single species or taxonomic groups only, rather than changes in insect biomass which is more relevant for ecological functioning. Here, we used a standardized protocol to measure total insect biomass using Malaise traps, deployed over 27 years in 63 nature protection areas in Germany (96 unique location-year combinations) to infer on the status and trend of local entomofauna. Our analysis estimates a seasonal decline of 76%, and mid-summer decline of 82% in flying insect biomass over the 27 years of study. We show that this decline is apparent regardless of habitat type, while changes in weather, land use, and habitat characteristics cannot explain this overall decline. This yet unrecognized loss of insect biomass must be taken into account in evaluating declines in abundance of species depending on insects as a food source, and ecosystem functioning in the European landscape.
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            How many species of mammals are there?

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              Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers

              Recent reports of local extinctions of arthropod species1, and of massive declines in arthropod biomass2, point to land-use intensification as a major driver of decreasing biodiversity. However, to our knowledge, there are no multisite time series of arthropod occurrences across gradients of land-use intensity with which to confirm causal relationships. Moreover, it remains unclear which land-use types and arthropod groups are affected, and whether the observed declines in biomass and diversity are linked to one another. Here we analyse data from more than 1 million individual arthropods (about 2,700 species), from standardized inventories taken between 2008 and 2017 at 150 grassland and 140 forest sites in 3 regions of Germany. Overall gamma diversity in grasslands and forests decreased over time, indicating loss of species across sites and regions. In annually sampled grasslands, biomass, abundance and number of species declined by 67%, 78% and 34%, respectively. The decline was consistent across trophic levels and mainly affected rare species; its magnitude was independent of local land-use intensity. However, sites embedded in landscapes with a higher cover of agricultural land showed a stronger temporal decline. In 30 forest sites with annual inventories, biomass and species number-but not abundance-decreased by 41% and 36%, respectively. This was supported by analyses of all forest sites sampled in three-year intervals. The decline affected rare and abundant species, and trends differed across trophic levels. Our results show that there are widespread declines in arthropod biomass, abundance and the number of species across trophic levels. Arthropod declines in forests demonstrate that loss is not restricted to open habitats. Our results suggest that major drivers of arthropod decline act at larger spatial scales, and are (at least for grasslands) associated with agriculture at the landscape level. This implies that policies need to address the landscape scale to mitigate the negative effects of land-use practices.
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                Author and book information

                Book Chapter
                2023
                January 26 2023
                : 149-197
                10.1007/978-3-662-65745-4_7
                26c4469b-ac23-490f-8df4-639a319973f8
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