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      Loneliness, Social Support, Social Isolation and Wellbeing among Working Age Adults with and without Disability: Cross sectional study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Loneliness is significantly related to health and wellbeing. However, there is little information on the prevalence of loneliness among people with disability or the association between disability, loneliness and wellbeing.

          Objective/Hypothesis

          For a nationally representative sample of adults (age 16-64) with/without disability, to examine exposure to three indicators of low social connectedness (loneliness, low perceived social support, social isolation), and to evaluate the association between low social connectedness and wellbeing. To test whether disability status moderated the relationship between low social connectedness and wellbeing.

          Methods

          Secondary analysis of data from three annual rounds of the cross-sectional English Community Life Survey (CLS) 2016-19.

          Results

          People with disability experienced loneliness, low perceived social support and social isolation at significantly higher rates than people without disability. Effect sizes were significantly greater for loneliness. Disability was associated with lower wellbeing. With one exception, low social connectedness was associated with lower wellbeing. Again, effect sizes were significantly greater for loneliness. The prevalence of loneliness was highest among adults with disability who were younger, economically inactive, living in rented or other accommodation, living alone and with low levels of access to environmental assets. There was no evidence that disability status moderated the association between exposure to low social connectedness and low wellbeing.

          Conclusions

          Loneliness was a particularly significant driver of poor wellbeing among people with disability. The relative independence between different indicators of social connectedness suggests that interventions to reduce loneliness will need to do more than simply increase rates of social contact or social support.

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          Most cited references22

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          Is Open Access

          Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review

          Background The adverse effects of loneliness and of poor perceived social support on physical health and mortality are established, but no systematic synthesis is available of their relationship with the outcomes of mental health problems over time. In this systematic review, we aim to examine the evidence on whether loneliness and closely related concepts predict poor outcomes among adults with mental health problems. Methods We searched six databases and reference lists for longitudinal quantitative studies that examined the relationship between baseline measures of loneliness and poor perceived social support and outcomes at follow up. Thirty-four eligible papers were retrieved. Due to heterogeneity among included studies in clinical populations, predictor measures and outcomes, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results We found substantial evidence from prospective studies that people with depression who perceive their social support as poorer have worse outcomes in terms of symptoms, recovery and social functioning. Loneliness has been investigated much less than perceived social support, but there is some evidence that greater loneliness predicts poorer depression outcome. There is also some preliminary evidence of associations between perceived social support and outcomes in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders. Conclusions Loneliness and quality of social support in depression are potential targets for development and testing of interventions, while for other conditions further evidence is needed regarding relationships with outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Overestimation of risk ratios by odds ratios in trials and cohort studies: alternatives to logistic regression.

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              Prevalence and risk of violence against adults with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

              About 15% of adults worldwide have a disability. These individuals are frequently reported to be at increased risk of violence, yet quantitative syntheses of studies of this issue are scarce. We aimed to quantify violence against adults with disabilities.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Disabil Health J
                Disabil Health J
                Disability and Health Journal
                Elsevier Inc.
                1936-6574
                1876-7583
                5 August 2020
                5 August 2020
                : 100965
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for Disability Research and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia
                [2 ]Centre of Research Excellence in Disability and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia
                [3 ]Centre for Disability Research, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
                Author notes
                []corresponding author: +44 (0)1297 680123; eric.emerson@ 123456lancaster.ac.uk
                Article
                S1936-6574(20)30096-0 100965
                10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100965
                7403030
                32843311
                f2d51036-c0bf-44e9-90c1-5b1f2e3d46b6
                © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 17 April 2020
                : 2 June 2020
                : 14 June 2020
                Categories
                Article

                disability,loneliness,wellbeing,social support,social isolation,adults

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