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      Emotional Well-Being Under Conditions of Lockdown: An Experience Sampling Study in Austria During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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          Abstract

          The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and attendant lockdown measures present serious threats to emotional well-being worldwide. Here, we examined the extent to which being outdoors (vs. indoors), the experience of loneliness, and screen-time are associated with emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic using an experiencing sampling method. In April 2020, Austrian adults ( N = 286, age M = 31.0 years) completed a 21-day experience sampling phase in which they reported their emotional well-being (i.e., happiness), whether they were indoors or outdoors, and loneliness at three random time-points each day, as well as their daily screen-time. Results indicated that being outdoors was associated with higher emotional well-being, whereas greater loneliness and greater daily screen-time were associated with poorer well-being. Additionally, the impact of loneliness on well-being was weaker when participants were outdoors than indoors. These results have health policy implications for the promotion of population well-being during pandemics.

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          The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

          Samantha K. Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E. Smith … (2022)
          Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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            Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

            Cuiyan Wang, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan … (2020)
            Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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              A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations

              Jianyin Qiu, Bin Shen, Min Zhao … (2020)
              The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic emerged in Wuhan, China, spread nationwide and then onto half a dozen other countries between December 2019 and early 2020. The implementation of unprecedented strict quarantine measures in China has kept a large number of people in isolation and affected many aspects of people’s lives. It has also triggered a wide variety of psychological problems, such as panic disorder, anxiety and depression. This study is the first nationwide large-scale survey of psychological distress in the general population of China during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Stefan Stieger:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7784-6624
                stefan.stieger@kl.ac.at
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Happiness Stud
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Happiness Stud
                Title: Journal of Happiness Studies
                Publisher: Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                ISSN (Print): 1389-4978
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-7780
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 January 2021
                Pages: 1-18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.459693.4, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, , Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, ; Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
                [2 ]GRID grid.5115.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2299 5510, School of Psychology and Sport Science, , Anglia Ruskin University, ; Cambridge, UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.261834.a, ISNI 0000 0004 1776 6926, Centre for Psychological Medicine, , Perdana University, ; Serdang, Malaysia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7784-6624
                Article
                Publisher ID: 337
                DOI: 10.1007/s10902-020-00337-2
                PMC ID: 7778412
                PubMed ID: 33424431
                SO-VID: ef19ed86-74c7-47fc-8515-2b1edc8de6bc
                Copyright © © Springer Nature B.V. 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date accepted : 24 November 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper

                Keywords: coronavirus,covid-19,emotional well-being,outdoors,loneliness,screen-time
                Data availability:
                Keywords: coronavirus, covid-19, emotional well-being, outdoors, loneliness, screen-time

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