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      Integrating Ayurvedic philosophy with modern technologies for drug research and development: A critical need of mechanistic insights for wider acceptability

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          Abstract

          Ayurveda is a holistic science emphasizing healing and maintaining harmony and balance in the body. Medicines from natural resources and in pre-defined dosage forms are integral parts of successful Ayurvedic treatment in various diseases including complex ailments, such as cancer. Ayurvedic medicines are cocktails of several active phyto-compounds and/or natural resources and no isolated/purified molecules are used in the treatment. However, various unique methods employed using natural media, such as water, lipids, buttermilk, and lemon juice, just to name a few, lead to the elimination of unwanted constituents/impurities and enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of the drug. Such plausible alterations, selection, and/or retention of signature phytocompounds in the raw materials, during the process, and in the final drug need to be studied for precise product identification and analysis. Critical standardization of the manufacturing procedures is, therefore, mandatory for quality fidelity, assurance, and optimum efficacy. Moreover, the simultaneous multi-level and/or multi-targeted actions of Ayurvedic medicines against various dysfunctions due to their complex nature makes it extremely challenging to understand the mechanistic aspects during pre-clinical and clinical studies.

          The present article focuses on probable challenges and ideal roadmaps for standardization and characterization of such herbal as well as metallic-mineral Ayurvedic medicines being used for various simple and complex diseases like cancer and their treatments. It is emphasized that Ayurvedic manufacturing procedures should be followed meticulously and the finished product be characterized thoroughly using advanced pharmaceutical and analytical techniques. It is also accentuated that detailed monographs or dossiers including shelf-life studies need to be officially published for knowledge dissemination and worldwide acceptance. Finally, safety and efficacy studies as per modern pharmacology ought to be conducted in suitable animal models for the judicious use of these medicines. Mainstream or adjuvant treatment of dreadful diseases such as cancer with Ayurvedic medicines will only be fruitful through rational experimentation and ethical reporting.

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          Ayurvedic research and methodology: Present status and future strategies

          Ayurveda is a science of life with a holistic approach to health and personalized medicine. It is one of the oldest medical systems, which comprises thousands of medical concepts and hypothesis. Interestingly, Ayurveda has ability to treat many chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and asthma, which are untreatable in modern medicine. Unfortunately, due to lack of scientific validation in various concepts, this precious gift from our ancestors is trailing. Hence, evidence-based research is highly needed for global recognition and acceptance of Ayurveda, which needs further advancements in the research methodology. The present review highlights various fields of research including literary, fundamental, drug, pharmaceutical, and clinical research in Ayurveda. The review further focuses to improve the research methodology for Ayurveda with main emphasis on the fundamental research. This attempt will certainly encourage young researchers to work on various areas of research for the development and promotion of Ayurveda.
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            Protective effect of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) against side effects of radiation/chemotherapy in head and neck malignancies

            One of the very common side effects of Radiation/Chemotherapy especially of the head and neck malignancies is mucositis. Cancer therapy or the cancer itself may cause changes in the body chemistry that results in loss of appetite, pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and very common mucositis which makes eating difficult. Loss of appetite is followed by an undesirable loss of weight due to insufficient amount of calories every day which can lead to loss of muscle mass and strength and other complications by causing interruptions of medical therapy, impeding effective cancer therapy. Mucositis cause decreased immunity and quality of life as well as poor tolerance to surgery and altered efficacy of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy. The present study is designed with the objective to minimize the radiation induced mucositis, skin reaction, xerostomia, change in voice etc. with an Ayurvedic preparation Yashtimadhu Ghrita (processed ghee). Total 75 patients were randomly divided into four groups and drugs were administered: Group A with local application of Yashtimadhu powder and honey in the oral cavity for few minutes prior to radiotherapy along with oral intake of Yashtimadhu Ghrita; Group B with only local application of the Yashtimadhu powder and honey in the oral cavity; Group C patients administered with only local application of honey in the oral cavity; Group D on conventional modern medication controlled group. All these patients under four groups had received Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for maximum duration of 7 weeks. Mucositis and Skin reactions were observed in 100% of patients with varying degree. The intensity of Radiation and Chemotherapy induced mucositis was reduced to a great extent by the trial drug. Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) can be used effectively in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis post radiation and chemotheraphy in patients of cancer, especially of the head and neck region. It proves beneficial in two ways: (i) there were no interruptions in the treatment, and (ii) food intake was not severely affected leading to maintenance of nutritional status of the patients.
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              Calcium carbonate nanoparticles stimulate cancer cell reprogramming to suppress tumor growth and invasion in an organ-on-a-chip system

              The acidic microenvironment of solid tumors induces the propagation of highly invasive and metastatic phenotypes. However, simulating these conditions in animal models present challenges that confound the effects of pH modulators on tumor progression. To recapitulate the tumor microenvironment and isolate the effect of pH on tumor viability, we developed a bifurcated microfluidic device that supports two different cell environments for direct comparison. RFP-expressing breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were cultured in treatment and control chambers surrounded by fibrin, which received acid-neutralizing CaCO 3 nanoparticles (nanoCaCO 3 ) and cell culture media, respectively. Data analysis revealed that nanoCaCO 3 buffered the pH within the normal physiological range and inhibited tumor cell proliferation compared to the untreated control (p  <  0.05 ) . Co-incubation of cancer cells and fibroblasts, followed by nanoCaCO 3 treatment showed that the nanoparticles selectively inhibited the growth of the MDA-MB-231 cells and reduced cellular migration of these cells with no impact on the fibroblasts. Sustainable decrease in the intracellular pH of cancer cells treated with nanoCaCO 3 indicates that the extracellular pH induced cellular metabolic reprogramming. These results suggest that the nanoCaCO 3 can restrict the aggressiveness of tumor cells without affecting the growth and behavior of the surrounding stromal cells.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Ayurveda Integr Med
                J Ayurveda Integr Med
                Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine
                Elsevier
                0975-9476
                0976-2809
                19 October 2024
                Sep-Oct 2024
                19 October 2024
                : 15
                : 5
                : 100954
                Affiliations
                [a ]Bharatiya Sanskriti Darshan Trust's Integrated Cancer Treatment and Research Centre, Wagholi, Pune, 412 207, India
                [b ]Atharva Nature Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Wagholi, Pune, 412 207, India
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Gat No. 676, Kesnand Road, Wagholi, Pune, 412207, Maharashtra, India. ictrcdrugresearch2016@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S0975-9476(24)00069-X 100954
                10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100954
                11533658
                39427484
                98c44015-9f50-4c62-87e5-557e9b60d13e
                © 2024 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 19 June 2023
                : 13 February 2024
                : 21 April 2024
                Categories
                VSI: Integrative Approaches to Cancer Research

                Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Complementary & Alternative medicine

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