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      Eocene intra-plate shortening responsible for the rise of a faunal pathway in the northeastern Caribbean realm

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          Abstract

          Intriguing latest Eocene land-faunal dispersals between South America and the Greater Antilles (northern Caribbean) has inspired the hypothesis of the GAARlandia (Greater Antilles Aves Ridge) land bridge. This landbridge, however, should have crossed the Caribbean oceanic plate, and the geological evolution of its rise and demise, or its geodynamic forcing, remain unknown. Here we present the results of a land-sea survey from the northeast Caribbean plate, combined with chronostratigraphic data, revealing a regional episode of mid to late Eocene, trench-normal, E-W shortening and crustal thickening by ∼25%. This shortening led to a regional late Eocene–early Oligocene hiatus in the sedimentary record revealing the location of an emerged land (the Greater Antilles-Northern Lesser Antilles, or GrANoLA, landmass), consistent with the GAARlandia hypothesis. Subsequent submergence is explained by combined trench-parallel extension and thermal relaxation following a shift of arc magmatism, expressed by a regional early Miocene transgression. We tentatively link the NE Caribbean intra-plate shortening to a well-known absolute and relative North American and Caribbean plate motion change, which may provide focus for the search of the remaining connection between ‘GrANoLA’ land and South America, through the Aves Ridge or Lesser Antilles island arc. Our study highlights the how regional geodynamic evolution may have driven paleogeographic change that is still reflected in current biology.

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          Permo-Triassic reconstruction of western Pangea and the evolution of the Gulf of Mexico/Caribbean region

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            Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal.

            Approximately one-half of all species of amphibians occur in the New World tropics, which includes South America, Middle America, and the West Indies. Of those, 27% (801 species) belong to a large assemblage, the eleutherodactyline frogs, which breed out of water and lay eggs that undergo direct development on land. Their wide distribution and mode of reproduction offer potential for resolving questions in evolution, ecology, and conservation. However, progress in all of these fields has been hindered by a poor understanding of their evolutionary relationships. As a result, most of the species have been placed in a single genus, Eleutherodactylus, which is the largest among vertebrates. Our DNA sequence analysis of a major fraction of eleutherodactyline diversity revealed three large radiations of species with unexpected geographic isolation: a South American Clade (393 sp.), a Caribbean Clade (171 sp.), and a Middle American Clade (111 sp.). Molecular clock analyses reject the prevailing hypothesis that these frogs arose from land connections with North and South America and their subsequent fragmentation in the Late Cretaceous (80-70 Mya). Origin by dispersal, probably over water from South America in the early Cenozoic (47-29 million years ago, Mya), is more likely.
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              Meso-Cenozoic Caribbean Paleogeography: Implications for the Historical Biogeography of the Region

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2020
                20 October 2020
                : 15
                : 10
                : e0241000
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Geosciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
                [2 ] Geosciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Montpellier, France
                [3 ] Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
                [4 ] Office of the Vice-Provost (Research), University College London, London, United Kingdom
                [5 ] Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Université Jean Monnet, Clermont-Ferrand, France
                [6 ] Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
                [7 ] Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, Villeurbanne, France
                [8 ] Institut des Sciences de l evolution de Montpellier (ISE-M, UMR 5554, CNRS/UM/IRD/EPHE), Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Montpellier, France
                Universita degli Studi di Firenze, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ¶ GARANTI Team membership list can be found in the Acknowledgments section.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-8545
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6248-0447
                Article
                PONE-D-20-20355
                10.1371/journal.pone.0241000
                7575083
                33079958
                793a4572-1d83-47c3-9714-9fcdabb10e9b
                © 2020 Philippon et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 July 2020
                : 6 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: INSU Tellus Syster ObliSub
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Agence Nationale de la Recherche
                Award ID: ANR-17-CE31- 0009
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: NWO
                Award ID: Vici grant 865.17.001
                Award Recipient :
                Financial support has been provided by INSU TelluSYSTER and GAARAnti project (ANR-17-CE31-0009). DJJvH acknowledges Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Vici grant 865.17.001.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                North America
                Caribbean
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Geologic Time
                Cenozoic Era
                Paleogene Period
                Eocene Epoch
                Earth Sciences
                Geomorphology
                Topography
                Landforms
                Islands
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Deformation
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Damage Mechanics
                Deformation
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Volcanology
                Volcanoes
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Thrust
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                South America
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Geologic Time
                Cenozoic Era
                Paleogene Period
                Oligocene Epoch
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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