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      Exploring Relationships Between L2 Chinese Character Writing and Reading Acquisition From Embodied Cognitive Perspectives: Evidence From HSK Big Data

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          Abstract

          Chinese characters are central to understanding how learners learn to read a logographic script. However, researchers know little about the role of character writing in reading Chinese as a second language (CSL). Unlike an alphabetic script, a Chinese character symbol transmits semantic information and is a cultural icon bridging embodied experience and text meaning. As a unique embodied practice, writing by hand contributes to cognitive processing in Chinese reading. Therefore, it is essential to clarify how Chinese character writing (bodily activity), language distance (past language usage), and cultural background (bodily coupling with the environment) influence CSL reading proficiency. Based on extant research on L2 reading acquisition and strength of key theoretical perspectives of embodied cognition theory (ECT), this study tested a regression model for CSL reading involving individual-level factors (Chinese character writing proficiency [CCWP]) and group-level predictors (language distance and cultural background). This study collected big data in a sample of 74,362 CSL learners with 67 diverse L1s. Results of hierarchical linear modeling showed a significant effect of CCWP and significant language distance × CCWP interaction effect on reading proficiency; however, cultural background × CCWP interaction effect was not significant. These results conform to the ECT and indicate that bodily activity, past language usage, and cultural background aided reading. CCWP may benefit from withstanding the negative transfer from L1s. Furthermore, CCWP and cultural background are not synergistic predictors of reading. This study may open novel avenues for explorations of CSL reading development.

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          Grounded cognition.

          Grounded cognition rejects traditional views that cognition is computation on amodal symbols in a modular system, independent of the brain's modal systems for perception, action, and introspection. Instead, grounded cognition proposes that modal simulations, bodily states, and situated action underlie cognition. Accumulating behavioral and neural evidence supporting this view is reviewed from research on perception, memory, knowledge, language, thought, social cognition, and development. Theories of grounded cognition are also reviewed, as are origins of the area and common misperceptions of it. Theoretical, empirical, and methodological issues are raised whose future treatment is likely to affect the growth and impact of grounded cognition.
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            Using Multivariate Statistics

            A Practical Approach to using Multivariate Analyses Using Multivariate Statistics , 6th edition provides advanced undergraduate as well as graduate students with a timely and comprehensive introduction to today's most commonly encountered statistical and multivariate techniques, while assuming only a limited knowledge of higher-level mathematics. This text's practical approach focuses on the benefits and limitations of applications of a technique to a data set - when, why, and how to do it. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers should be able to: Learn to conduct numerous types of multivariate statistical analyses Find the best technique to use Understand Limitations to applications Learn how to use SPSS and SAS syntax and output
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              Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: a new look at an old issue.

              Appropriately centering Level 1 predictors is vital to the interpretation of intercept and slope parameters in multilevel models (MLMs). The issue of centering has been discussed in the literature, but it is still widely misunderstood. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed overview of grand mean centering and group mean centering in the context of 2-level MLMs. The authors begin with a basic overview of centering and explore the differences between grand and group mean centering in the context of some prototypical research questions. Empirical analyses of artificial data sets are used to illustrate key points throughout. The article provides a number of practical recommendations designed to facilitate centering decisions in MLM applications. Copyright 2007 APA, all rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                21 February 2022
                2021
                : 12
                : 779190
                Affiliations
                Institute on Educational Policy and Evaluation of International Students, Beijing Language and Culture University , Beijing, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Yang Zhang, University of Minnesota Health Twin Cities, United States

                Reviewed by: Zhenguang Cai, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Haiwei Zhang, Minzu University of China, China

                *Correspondence: Xingsan Chai, cxs66@ 123456blcu.edu.cn

                These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

                This article was submitted to Language Sciences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2021.779190
                8900728
                35264991
                5ef3e801-e7bf-49bc-bf95-cea8410f5460
                Copyright © 2022 Chai and Ma.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 18 September 2021
                : 23 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, Equations: 6, References: 193, Pages: 21, Words: 16996
                Funding
                Funded by: National Social Science Fund of China, doi 10.13039/501100012456;
                Award ID: 17AYY011
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                chinese as a second language (csl) reading,chinese character writing,sinosphere,language distance,embodied cognition theory

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