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      Social inequalities and household food insecurity in quilombola communities in Brazil Translated title: Desigualdades sociais e insegurança alimentar em comunidades quilombolas no Brasil

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and food insecurity in quilombola communities in Brazil. Methods Microdata from the 2011 Quilombola Census “Assessment of the food and nutritional security situation in titled quilombola communities” were evaluated. The Brazilian household food insecurity measurement scale was used to evaluate household food insecurity status. Multinomial regression models were used to test the association between sociodemographic characteristics and food insecurity. Results The prevalence of food insecurity was 86.1% (mild: 30.2%; moderate/severe: 55.9%). In the final adjusted model, the factors significantly associated with moderate/severe food insecurity (p-value<0.001) were: head of household being single or divorced, head of household with 1-7 years of schooling, a larger domicile size, households with children under 5 years of age, precarious sanitation, a household income of less than the minimum wage, and being from a quilombola communities in the North of the country. Conclusion The results indicated that the prevalence of food insecurity among quilombola households is high, requiring the implementation of public policies to promote food and nutritional security and to mitigate the historical social injustices suffered by this population.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre características sociodemográficas e insegurança alimentar em comunidades quilombolas no Brasil. Métodos Os microdados do Censo Quilombola de 2011, “Avaliação da situação de segurança alimentar e nutricional nas comunidades quilombolas tituladas”, foram analisados. A Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar foi usada para avaliar o nível de insegurança alimentar dessa população. Modelos de regressão multinomial foram utilizados para testar a associação entre características sociodemográficas e insegurança alimentar. Resultados A prevalência de insegurança alimentar foi de 86,1% (leve: 30,2%; moderada/grave: 55,9%). No modelo final ajustado, verificou-se que as residências cujos responsáveis eram solteiros/divorciados, com escolaridade entre 1-7 anos, aquelas onde havia maior aglomeração familiar, presença de crianças menores de cinco anos, com precário saneamento básico, da macrorregião Norte do país e famílias com renda mensal familiar inferior a um salário mínimo apresentaram associação significativa com insegurança moderada/ grave (p-valor <0,001). Conclusão Os resultados indicaram que as famílias quilombolas apresentavam elevada prevalência de insegurança alimentar, sendo necessária a implementação de políticas públicas para promoção da segurança alimentar e nutricional e que minimizem as históricas injustiças sociais sofridas por essa população.

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          Most cited references46

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          Rural food security, subsistence agriculture, and seasonality

          Many of the world’s food-insecure and undernourished people are smallholder farmers in developing countries. This is especially true in Africa. There is an urgent need to make smallholder agriculture and food systems more nutrition-sensitive. African farm households are known to consume a sizeable part of what they produce at home. Less is known about how much subsistence agriculture actually contributes to household diets, and how this contribution changes seasonally. We use representative data from rural Ethiopia covering every month of one full year to address this knowledge gap. On average, subsistence production accounts for 58% of rural households’ calorie consumption, that is, 42% of the calories consumed are from purchased foods. Some seasonal variation occurs. During the lean season, purchased foods account for more than half of all calories consumed. But even during the main harvest and post-harvest season, purchased foods contribute more than one-third to total calorie consumption. Markets are even more important for dietary quality. During all seasons, purchased foods play a much larger role for dietary diversity than subsistence production. These findings suggest that strengthening rural markets needs to be a key element in strategies to improve food security and dietary quality in the African small-farm sector.
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            Refinement of the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale: Recommendation for a 14-item EBIA

            OBJECTIVE: To review and refine Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale structure. METHODS: The study analyzed the impact of removing the item "adult lost weight" and one of two possibly redundant items on Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale psychometric behavior using the one-parameter logistic (Rasch) model. Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale psychometric behavior was analyzed with respect to acceptable adjustment values ranging from 0.7 to 1.3, and to severity scores of the items with theoretically expected gradients. The socioeconomic and food security indicators came from the 2004 National Household Sample Survey, which obtained complete answers to Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale items from 112,665 households. RESULTS: Removing the items "adult reduced amount..." followed by "adult ate less..." did not change the infit of the remaining items, except for "adult lost weight", whose infit increased from 1.21 to 1.56. The internal consistency and item severity scores did not change when "adult ate less" and one of the two redundant items were removed. CONCLUSION: Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale reanalysis reduced the number of scale items from 16 to 14 without changing its internal validity. Its use as a nationwide household food security measure is strongly recommended.
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              Food security status in times of financial and political crisis in Brazil

              This study sought to describe the changes in the food security status in Brazil before and during its most recent financial and political crisis, as well as to explore associations between food security and socioeconomic factors during the crisis. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from two different sources: the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey for 2004 (n = 112,479), 2009 (n = 120,910), and 2013 (n = 116,192); and the Gallup World Poll for 2015 (n = 1,004), 2016 (n = 1,002), and 2017 (n = 1,001). Household food security status was measured by a shorter version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, consisting of the first 8 questions of the original 14-item scale. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the changes in food security and their association with socioeconomic factors. Results suggest that during the crisis the percentage of households classified as food secure declined by one third (76% in 2013 to 49% in 2017) while severe food insecurity tripled (4% in 2013 to 12% in 2017). Whereas before the crisis (2013) 44% of the poorest households were food secure, by 2017 this decreased to 26%. Household income per capita was strongly associated with food security, increasing by six times the chances of being food insecure among the poorest strata. Those who reported a low job climate, social support or level of education were twice as likely to be food insecure. Despite significant improvements between 2004 and 2013, findings indicate that during the crisis Brazil suffered from a great deterioration of food security, highlighting the need for emergency policies to protect and guarantee access to food for the most vulnerable.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rn
                Revista de Nutrição
                Rev. Nutr.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1415-5273
                1678-9865
                2021
                : 34
                : e200173
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição Brazil
                Article
                S1415-52732021000100316 S1415-5273(21)03400000316
                10.1590/1678-9865202134e200173
                433a4b81-b563-4c66-8785-478b614d7963

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 February 2021
                : 06 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original

                Ethnic groups,Coenso de população,Grupos étnicos,Segurança alimentar e nutricional,Pobreza,Vulnerabilidade social,Census data,Food and nutrition security,Poverty,Social vulnerability

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