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      East and west separation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus mitochondrial lineages in the Mediterranean Basin

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          Abstract

          Background

          Rhipicephalus sanguineus belongs to a complex of hard tick species with high veterinary-medical significance. Recently, new phylogenetic units have been discovered within R. sanguineus, which therefore needs taxonomic revision. The present study was initiated to provide new information on the phylogeography of relevant haplotypes from less studied regions of Europe and Africa. With this aim, molecular-phylogenetic analyses of two mitochondrial markers were performed on 50 ticks collected in Hungary, the Balkans, countries along the Mediterranean Sea, Kenya and Ivory Coast.

          Results

          In the “temperate lineage” of R. sanguineus, based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox1) and 16S rRNA genes, Rhipicephalus sp. I was only found in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin (with relatively homogenous haplotypes), whereas Rhipicephalus sp. II occurred in the middle-to-western part of this region (with phylogenetically dichotomous haplotypes). Ticks identified as R. leporis (based on morphology and cox1 gene) were found in Kenya and Ivory Coast. These clustered phylogenetically within R. sanguineus ( s.l.) (“tropical lineage”).

          Conclusions

          In the Mediterranean Basin two mitochondrial lineages of R. sanguineus, i.e. Rhipicephalus sp. I and Rhipicephalus sp. II exist, which show different geographical distribution. Therefore, data from this study confirm limited gene flow between Rhipicephalus sp. I and Rhipicephalus sp. II, but more evidence (analyses of nuclear markers, extensive morphological and biological comparison etc.) are necessary to infer if they belong to different species or not. The phylogenetic relationships of eastern and western African ticks, which align with R. leporis, need to be studied further within R. sanguineus ( s.l.) (“tropical lineage”).

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          Most cited references13

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          The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae): from taxonomy to control.

          Rhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly known as the brown dog tick, is a three-host tick that feeds primarily on dogs and occasionally on other hosts, including humans. R. sanguineus ticks are widely distributed around the world and they are known vectors of pathogens, such as Babesia canis, Ehrlichia canis, and Rickettsia conorii. The increasing number of cases of human parasitism by R. sanguineus ticks reported in the literature indicates that the interaction between humans and R. sanguineus ticks may be more common than it is actually recognized. The indiscriminate use of acaricides is an emerging problem worldwide and has led to the selection of acaricide resistant tick strains. In this article, the medical and veterinary importance, taxonomy, biology, and ecology of R. sanguineus ticks around the world are reviewed. It also discusses the current strategies for the control of R. sanguineus, highlighting the potential risks associated to the improper use of acaricides, such as environmental pollution and toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms (e.g., tick predators).
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            Genetic analysis of ticks belonging to the Rhipicephalus sanguineus group in Latin America.

            Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences were generated from Rhipicephalus sanguineus group specimens collected in 29 localities among 9 Latin-American countries, plus ticks collected in South Africa, Spain, and Italy. Sequences from Latin America generated six different haplotypes (A, B, C, D, E, and F). Phylogenetic analyses generated trees that segregated our tick sequences into two distinct clades: one is represented by haplotypes A-C, and South African R. sanguineus and Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks; the second clade is represented by haplotypes D-F, and European R. sanguineus and R. turanicus ticks. When haplotypes A-F are plotted in the Latin America map according to their geographical coordinates, it is clearly seen that haplotypes D-F are restricted to the southern portion of this continent, whereas haplotypes A-C are distributed in areas between northern Mexico and Brazil (except for the extreme south of this last country, where haplotype E was present). Hence, our phylogenetic analyses separated New World specimens of R. sanguineus into two distinct clades, one represented by tropical and subtropical populations (haplotypes A-C), here designated as the 'tropical' species. On the other hand, haplotypes D-F are here designated as the 'temperate' species because of their distribution in the southern portion of South America. Until recently, it was assumed that the R. sanguineus group was represented by a single species in the New World, namely R. sanguineus. While the present results coupled with recent studies support the presence of at least two species under the taxon R. sanguineus in the New World, they also show that even in the Old World, the taxon R. sanguineus might be represented by more than one species, since our phylogenetic analysis segregated European and South African R. sanguineus ticks into two distinct clades. The same can be applied for Spanish and South African R. turanicus. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus ticks, Mexicali, Mexico.

              Circulation of a unique genetic type of Rickettsia rickettsii in ticks of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex was detected in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. The Mexican R. rickettsii differed from all isolates previously characterized from the endemic regions of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in northern, central, and southern Americas. Rhipicephalus ticks in Mexicali are genetically different from Rh. sanguineus found in the United States.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                hornok.sandor@univet.hu
                adsandor@gmail.com
                snezanat@imi.bg.ac.rs
                relja.beck@gmail.com
                gianluca.damico@usamvcluj.ro
                jkontschan@gmail.com
                takacs.nora@aotk.szie.hu
                gorfol.tamas@gmail.com
                amine_bendjeddou@yahoo.fr
                foldvarigabor@gmx.de
                farkas.robert@univet.hu
                Journal
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasites & Vectors
                BioMed Central (London )
                1756-3305
                23 January 2017
                23 January 2017
                2017
                : 10
                : 39
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1012 5390, GRID grid.413013.4, Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, , University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, ; Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2166 9385, GRID grid.7149.b, Laboratory for Medical Entomology, Centre of Excellence for Food and Vector-Borne Zoonoses, , Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, ; Belgrade, Serbia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0367 0309, GRID grid.417625.3, Laboratory for Parasitology, , Croatian Veterinary Institute, ; Zagreb, Croatia
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2159 5435, GRID grid.425512.5, , Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ; Budapest, Hungary
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1498 9209, GRID grid.424755.5, Department of Zoology, , Hungarian Natural History Museum, ; Budapest, Hungary
                [7 ]Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems (EcoSTAq), University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algeria
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-8615
                Article
                1985
                10.1186/s13071-017-1985-z
                5260041
                28115024
                3cdcb286-7e15-4d0b-9b0f-1bbd541c111a
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 9 September 2016
                : 12 January 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: OTKA
                Award ID: 115854
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: OI
                Award ID: 173006
                Funded by: PN-II-RU-TE
                Award ID: 2014-4-1389
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Genoticktreck
                Award ID: 1957
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Short Report
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Parasitology
                phylogeography,cox1,16s rrna gene,rhipicephalus sanguineus,rhipicephalus leporis
                Parasitology
                phylogeography, cox1, 16s rrna gene, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus leporis

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