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      Changes in the soundscape of Girona during the COVID lockdowna)

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          Abstract

          The lockdown measures in Spain due to COVID-19 social measures showed a wide decrease in the urban noise levels observed. This paper presents an analysis of the noise levels in Girona, a 100 000 citizen city in the North-East of Catalonia (Spain). We present the L Aeq levels in four different locations from January 2020 to June 2020, including all the stages of the lockdown. Several comparisons are conducted with the monitoring data available from the previous years (2019, 2018, and 2017, when available). This analysis is part of the project “Sons al Balcó,” which aims to draw the soundscape of Catalonia during the lockdown. The results of the analysis in Girona show drastic L Aeq changes especially in nightlife areas of the city, moderate L Aeq changes in commercial and restaurants areas, and low L Aeq changes in dense traffic areas.

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          WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Annoyance

          Rainer Guski, Dirk Schreckenberg, Rudolf Schuemer (2017)
          Background: This paper describes a systematic review and meta-analyses on effects of environmental noise on annoyance. The noise sources include aircraft, road, and rail transportation noise as well as wind turbines and noise source combinations. Objectives: Update knowledge about effects of environmental noise on people living in the vicinity of noise sources. Methods: Eligible were published studies (2000–2014) providing comparable acoustical and social survey data including exposure-response functions between standard indicators of noise exposure and standard annoyance responses. The systematic literature search in 20 data bases resulted in 62 studies, of which 57 were used for quantitative meta-analyses. By means of questionnaires sent to the study authors, additional study data were obtained. Risk of bias was assessed by means of study characteristics for individual studies and by funnel plots to assess the risk of publication bias. Main Results: Tentative exposure-response relations for percent highly annoyed residents (%HA) in relation to noise levels for aircraft, road, rail, wind turbine and noise source combinations are presented as well as meta-analyses of correlations between noise levels and annoyance raw scores, and the OR for increase of %HA with increasing noise levels. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE terminology. The evidence of exposure-response relations between noise levels and %HA is moderate (aircraft and railway) or low (road traffic and wind turbines). The evidence of correlations between noise levels and annoyance raw scores is high (aircraft and railway) or moderate (road traffic and wind turbines). The evidence of ORs representing the %HA increase by a certain noise level increase is moderate (aircraft noise), moderate/high (road and railway traffic), and low (wind turbines). Strengths and Limitations: The strength of the evidence is seen in the large total sample size encompassing the included studies (e.g., 18,947 participants in aircraft noise studies). Main limitations are due to the variance in the definition of noise levels and %HA. Interpretation: The increase of %HA in newer studies of aircraft, road and railway noise at comparable L den levels of earlier studies point to the necessity of adjusting noise limit recommendations. Funding: The review was funded by WHO Europe.
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            WHO International Health Regulations Emergency Committee for the COVID-19 outbreak

            Youngmee Jee (2020)
            To discuss whether the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), World Health Organization (WHO) organized the 15-member International Health Regulations Emergency Committee (EC). On January 22-23 and January 30, 2020, EC convened and discussed whether the situation in China and other countries would constitute PHEIC and issued recommendations for WHO, China and the international community. Based on the recommendations of EC, WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a PHEIC. One of the purposes of the declaration of PHEIC was to alarm countries with weak public health infrastructures to prepare promptly for emerging infectious diseases (EID) and provide WHO with a framework for proactively supporting those countries. On February 3, 2020, WHO proposed the 2019 COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan, which includes accelerating research and development (R&D) processes as one of three major strategies. On February 11-12, 2020, WHO held the Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a Research Roadmap for COVID-19. The fact that a COVID-19 R&D forum was the first meeting convened after the PHEIC declaration testifies to the importance of R&D in response to EID. Korea has demonstrated a remarkable capacity in its laboratory response by conducting high-throughput COVID-19 testing and utilizing innovative drive-through samplings. These measures for early detection and screening of cases should be followed by full efforts to produce research-based evidence by thoroughly analyzing epidemiological, clinical and immunological data, which will facilitate the development of vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19. It is expected that Korea plays a global partner for COVID-19 research by actively participating in immediate and mid/long-term priorities jointly led by WHO and global partners.
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              COVID-19 pandemic persuaded lockdown effects on environment over stone quarrying and crushing areas

              Indrajit Mandal, Swades Pal (2020)
              Stone quarrying and crushing spits huge stone dust to the environment and causes threats to ecosystem components as well as human health. Imposing emergency lockdown to stop infection of COVID 19 virus on 24.03.2020 in India has created economic crisis but it has facilitated environment to restore its quality. Global scale study has already proved the qualitative improvement of air quality but its possible impact at regional level is not investigated yet. Middle catchment of Dwarka river basin of Eastern India is well known for stone quarrying and crushing and therefore the region is highly polluted. The present study has attempted to explore the impact of forced lockdown on environmental components like Particulate matter (PM) 10, Land surface temperature (LST), river water quality, noise using image and field derived data in pre and during lockdown periods. Result clearly exhibits that Maximum PM10 concentration was 189 to 278 μg/m3 in pre lockdown period and it now ranges from 50 to 60 μg/m3 after 18 days of the commencement of lockdown in selected four stone crushing clusters. LST is reduced by 3–5 °C, noise level is dropped to <65dBA which was above 85dBA in stone crusher dominated areas in pre lockdown period. Adjacent river water is qualitatively improved due to stoppage of dust release to the river. For instance, total dissolve solid (TDS) level in river water adjacent to crushing unit is attenuated by almost two times. When entire world is worried about the appropriate policies for abating environmental pollution, this emergency lockdown shows an absolute way i.e. pollution source management may restore environment and ecosystem with very rapid rate.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Rosa Ma Alsina-Pagès
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Acoust Soc Am
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Acoust Soc Am
                Journal ID (coden): JASMAN
                Title: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
                Publisher: Acoustical Society of America
                ISSN (Print): 0001-4966
                ISSN (Electronic): 1520-8524
                Publication date (Print): May 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 May 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 May 2021
                Volume: 149
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 3416-3423
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Grup de Recerca en Tecnologies Mèdia, La Salle-URL , C/Quatre Camins, 30, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
                [2 ]Wavecontrol , c/Pallars, 65-71, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.0004986 Publisher-manuscript ID: JASA-06769
                DOI: 10.1121/10.0004986
                PMC ID: 8176783
                SO-VID: 3c0563bb-cdcf-4cad-ac72-69247b7fec7f
                Copyright © © 2021 Acoustical Society of America.
                License:

                0001-4966/2021/149(5)/3416/8/ $30.00

                All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 March 2021
                Date revision received : 22 April 2021
                Date accepted : 28 April 2021
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: Generalitat de Catalunya https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002809
                Award ID: 2020-URL-Proj-054
                Categories
                Subject: Special Issue on Covid-19 Pandemic Acoustic Effects
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