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      PROPOSAL AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF A SCALE FOR CERVICAL, THORACIC, AND LUMBAR SPINE PAIN IN BRAZILIAN YOUNG PEOPLE Translated title: PROPOSIÇÃO E REPRODUTIBILIDADE DE UMA ESCALA DE DOR NA COLUNA CERVICAL, TORÁCICA E LOMBAR EM JOVENS BRASILEIROS

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To propose and analyze the test-retest reliability of an instrument to verify the presence and intensity of pain in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine in Brazilian young people.

          Methods:

          This reliability study enrolled a sample of 458 participants (13 to 20 years). Two groups were formed for each sex according to the range of days for the test-retest (10±3 and 28±2 days). For analysis of spinal pain, a drawing of the human body with cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine areas delimited was presented. The following question was presented: during a normal day, do you feel pain in any of these regions of your spine? If so, what is the intensity from 0 to 10 (mark on the line)? The starting point, with the number 0, corresponded to no pain, and the number 10 to severe pain. The agreement of frequency and of intensity of pain was verified by Kappa test and Bland-Altman plot, respectively.

          Results:

          Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.71 (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI - 0.59-0.79) to 0.94 (95%CI 0.90-0.96). The results concerning the agreement of pain scores showed the mean differences to be close to 0, and the largest mean difference was -0.40 (95%CI -5.14-4.34). The agreement in reported pain ranged from 72.2 ( Kappa 0.43; 95%CI 0.28-0.58) to 90.1% ( Kappa 0.76; 95%CI 0.60-0.92).

          Conclusions:

          This instrument was shown to be a reliable manner to verify the pain in different regions of the spine in Brazilian young people.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Propor e analisar a reprodutibilidade de um instrumento para verificar a presença e a intensidade da dor na coluna cervical, torácica e lombar em jovens brasileiros.

          Métodos:

          Estudo de reprodutibilidade com uma amostra de 458 participantes (13 a 20 anos). Dois grupos foram formados para cada sexo de acordo com o intervalo de dias entre teste e reteste (10±3 e 28±2 dias). Para a análise da dor na coluna, foi apresentada a figura de um corpo humano com as áreas da coluna cervical, torácica e lombar delimitadas. A seguinte pergunta foi realizada: durante um dia comum, você sente dor em alguma dessas regiões da coluna? Se sim, qual é a intensidade de 0 a 10 (marque um traço)? A extremidade com o número 0 correspondia à ausência de dor e o número 10, à dor muito intensa. A concordância na frequência e intensidade da dor foi verificada por meio do teste Kappa e da plotagem de Bland-Altman, respectivamente.

          Resultados:

          Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse variaram de 0,71 (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% - 0,59-0,79) a 0,94 (IC95% 0,90-0,96). Os resultados relativos à concordância no escore de dor mostraram que as diferenças médias foram próximas de 0 e a maior diferença média foi de -0,40 (IC95% -5,14-4,34). A concordância no relato de dor variou de 72,2 ( Kappa 0,43; IC95% 0,28-0,58) a 90,1% ( Kappa 0,76; IC95% 0,60-0,92).

          Conclusões:

          O instrumento demonstrou ser uma forma reprodutível de verificar a dor em diferentes regiões da coluna vertebral em jovens brasileiros.

          Related collections

          Most cited references34

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          The course of low back pain from adolescence to adulthood: eight-year follow-up of 9600 twins.

          Prospective study with 8-year follow-up. To describe the evolution of low back pain from adolescence into adulthood. High prevalence rates of low back pain among children and adolescents have been demonstrated in several studies, and it has been theorized that low back pain in childhood may have important consequences for future low back pain. It is important to understand the nature of such a link if effective preventive programs are to be established. Almost 10,000 Danish twins born between 1972 and 1982 were surveyed by means of postal questionnaires in 1994 and again in 2002. The questionnaires dealt with various aspects of general health, including the prevalence of low back pain, classified according to number of days affected (0, 1-7, 8-30, >30). Low back pain in adolescence was found to be a significant risk factor for low back pain in adulthood with odds ratios as high as four. We also demonstrated a dose-response association: the more days with low back pain at baseline, the higher the risk of future low back pain. Twenty-six percent of those with low back pain for more than 30 days during the baseline year also had more than 30 days with low back pain during the follow-up year. This was true for only 9% of the rest of the sample. Our study clearly demonstrates correlations between low back pain in childhood/adolescence and low back pain in adulthood. This should lead to a change in focus from the adult to the young population in relation to research, prevention, and treatment.
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            Cross-cultural adaptation of the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire.

            Reports in the literature have identified a need for internationally standardized and reliable measurements to analyse musculoskeletal symptoms. Screening of musculoskeletal disorders may serve as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the work environment. The Nordic general questionnaire is a standardized instrument used to analyse musculoskeletal symptoms in an ergonomic or occupational health context. To translate and adapt a version of the Nordic general questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluate its reliability. The cross-cultural adaptation was performed according to internationally recommended methodology, using the following guidelines: translation; back-translation; committee review; and pretesting. First, the questionnaire was independently translated into Portuguese by two teachers and one doctor, and a consensus version was generated. Second, two other translators performed a back-translation independently from one another. This version was then submitted to a committee, consisting of six specialists in the area of knowledge of the instrument, to evaluate its equivalence to the original instrument. The final version was pretested on 20 subjects randomly selected in an outpatient clinic. Reliability was assessed by a test-retest procedure at 1-day intervals using the Kappa coefficient in a group of 40 subjects. The Kappa agreement values were calculated for each one of the four questions of the questionnaire. The agreement among the same observers was substantial, varying from 0.88 to 1, according to the Kappa values. these demonstrated strong agreement of the instrument, suggesting that the Brazilian version of the "Standardized Nordic Questionnaire" offers substantial reliability.
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              Prevalence of low back pain in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis

              Background Low back pain (LBP) is common in children and adolescents, and it is becoming a public health concern. In recent years there has been a considerable increase in research studies that examine the prevalence of LBP in this population, but studies exhibit great variability in the prevalence rates reported. The purpose of this research was to examine, by means of a meta-analytic investigation, the prevalence rates of LBP in children and adolescents. Methods Studies were located from computerized databases (ISI Web of Knowledge, MedLine, PEDro, IME, LILACS, and CINAHL) and other sources. The search period extended to April 2011. To be included in the meta-analysis, studies had to report a prevalence rate (whether point, period or lifetime prevalence) of LBP in children and/or adolescents (≤ 18 years old). Two independent researchers coded the moderator variables of the studies, and extracted the prevalence rates. Separate meta-analyses were carried out for the different types of prevalence in order to avoid dependence problems. In each meta-analysis, a random-effects model was assumed to carry out the statistical analyses. Results A total of 59 articles fulfilled the selection criteria. The mean point prevalence obtained from 10 studies was 0.120 (95% CI: 0.09 and 0.159). The mean period prevalence at 12 months obtained from 13 studies was 0.336 (95% CI: 0.269 and 0.410), whereas the mean period prevalence at one week obtained from six studies was 0.177 (95% CI: 0.124 and 0.247). The mean lifetime prevalence obtained from 30 studies was 0.399 (95% CI: 0.342 and 0.459). Lifetime prevalence exhibited a positive, statistically significant relationship with the mean age of the participants in the samples and with the publication year of the studies. Conclusions The most recent studies showed higher prevalence rates than the oldest ones, and studies with a better methodology exhibited higher lifetime prevalence rates than studies that were methodologically poor. Future studies should report more information regarding the definition of LBP and there is a need to improve the methodological quality of studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                rpp
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                07 January 2019
                Oct-Dec 2019
                : 37
                : 4
                : 450-457
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brasil.
                [b ]Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Boituva, SP, Brasil.
                [c ]Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Grande Londres, Inglaterra.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. E-mail: arrudaga@ 123456yahoo.com.br (G.A. Arruda).

                The authors declare no conflict of interests.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6114
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6211-7069
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-9083
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-3708
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-7975
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0111-9156
                Article
                10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;4;00001
                6821472
                30624540
                25254485-4891-493a-80a5-78f42f8c683c

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 07 February 2018
                : 24 June 2018
                : 20 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 30
                Categories
                Original Article

                adolescent,child,neck pain,low back pain,pain measurement,adolescente,criança,cervicalgia,dor lombar,medição da dor

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